第1章:蒸发腾发量简介

irripro
2022-06-09

Chapter 1 - Introduction to evapotranspiration



EToETcETc adj


EVAPOTRANSPIRATION PROCESS

ET

:ET : Evapotranspiration


Evaporation

湿
湿湿
湿

FIGURE 1. Schematic representation of a stoma 1.

FIGURE 2. The partitioning of evapotranspiration into evaporation and transpiration over the growing period for an annual field crop 2.

Transpiration

1
湿


Evapotranspiration (ET) ET

2100%ET90%ET


Units

mm
10000 m^21 mm0.001 m1 mm10 m^3111011
l20°Cl 2.45 MJ kg-110.0012.452.45 MJ0.001 m1 mm1 mm2.45 MJ m-2MJ m-2 day-1l ET
1

TABLE 1. Conversion factors for evapotranspiration 1.


depth

volume per unit area

energy per unit area *

mm day-1

m3 ha-1 day-1

l s-1 ha-1

MJ m-2 day-1

1 mm day-1

1

10

0.116

2.45

1 m3 ha-1 day-1

0.1

1

0.012

0.245

1 l s-1 ha-1

8.640

86.40

1

21.17

1 MJ m-2 day-1

0.408

4.082

0.047

1

* For water with a density of 1000 kg m-3 and at 20°C. 1000 kg m-320°C

EXAMPLE 1. Converting evaporation from one unit to another 1.


On a summer day, net solar energy received at a lake reaches 15 MJ per square metre per day. If 80% of the energy is used to vaporize water, how large could the depth of evaporation be?

From Table 1:

1 MJ m-2 day-1 =

0.408

mm day-1

Therefore:

0.8 x 15 MJ m-2 day-1 = 0.8 x 15 x 0.408 mm d-1 =

4.9

mm day-1

The evaporation rate could be 4.9 mm/day


FIGURE 3. Factors affecting evapotranspiration with reference to related ET concepts 3



Factors affecting evapotranspiration

3 ET


Weather parameters

湿ETo 2 4 ETo


Crop factors

ETETc


Management and environmental conditions

穿 ET ET


ET ET 湿 ET 使使使

FIGURE 4

Reference (ETo), crop evapotranspiration under standard (ETc) and non-standard conditions (ETc adj)

4 (ETo) (ETc) (ETc adj)

ETc


EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CONCEPTS

(ETo) (ETc) (ETc adj) 4ETo ETc ETc


Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)

ETo使 ET

ET ET ET ET ETo ET

ETo ETo ETo 使 Penman-Monteith ETo ETo

2 ETo A Box 1 1


Crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions (ETc)

ETc

TABLE 2 Average ETo for different agroclimatic regions in mm/day

2 ETo/

Regions

Mean daily temperature (°C)


Cool

~ 10°C

Moderate

20°C

Warm

> 30°C

Tropics and subtropics

- humid and sub-humid

- arid and semi-arid

2 - 3

2 - 4

3 - 5

4 - 6

5 - 7

6 - 8

Temperate region

- humid and sub-humid

- arid and semi-arid

1 - 2

1 - 3

2 - 4

4 - 7

4 - 7

6 - 9

BOX 1

Chapters concerning the calculation of the reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)

PART A -----

Chapter 2 - FAO Penman-Monteith equation:

This chapter introduces the user to the need to standardize one method to compute ETo from meteorological data. The FAO Penman-Monteith method is recommended as the method for determining reference ETo. The method and the corresponding definition of the reference surface are described.

Chapter 3 - Meteorological data:

The FAO Penman-Monteith method requires radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed data. Calculation procedures to derive climatic parameters from the meteorological data are presented. Procedures to estimate missing meteorological variables required for calculating ETo are outlined. This allows for estimation of ETo with the FAO Penman-Monteith method under all circumstances, even in the case of missing climatic data.

Chapter 4 - Determination of ETo:

The calculation of ETo by means of the FAO Penman-Monteith equation, with different time steps, from the principal weather parameters and with missing data is described. The determination of ETo from pan evaporation is also presented.


(ETo)

-----

2 - Penman-Monteith

ETo 使 Penman-Monteith ETo


3 -

Penman-Monteith 湿 ETo 使 Penman-Monteith ETo使


4 - ETo

Penman-Monteith ETo ETo

BOX 2

Chapters concerning the calculation of crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions (ETc)

PART B -----

Chapter 5 - Introduction to crop evapotranspiration:

This chapter introduces the user to the 'Kc ETo' approach for calculating crop evapotranspiration. The effects of characteristics that distinguish field crops from the reference grass crop are integrated into the crop coefficient Kc. Depending on the purpose of the calculation, the required accuracy, the available climatic data and the time step with which the calculations have to be executed, a distinction is made between two calculation methods.

Chapter 6 - ETc - Single crop coefficient (Kc):

This chapter presents the first calculation method for crop evapotranspiration whereby the difference in

evapotranspiration between the cropped and reference grass surface is combined into a single crop coefficient (Kc).

Chapter 7 - ETc - Dual crop coefficient (Kc = Kcb + Ke):

This chapter presents the other calculation method for crop evapotranspiration. Kc is split into two separate coefficients, one for crop transpiration (i.e., the basal crop coefficient Kcb) and one for soil evaporation (Ke).


(ETc)

B -----

5 -

Kc ETo Kc


6 - ETc - (Kc)

(Kc)


7 - ETc - (Kc = Kcb + Ke)

Kc KcbKe



Penman-Monteith 使 Penman-Monteith ETo ETc/ETo (Kc) ETc ETo ETc = Kc ETo


Kc B (ETc) Box 2 2


Crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions ETc adj

ETc adjETc ETc


使 Ks / Kc C ETc Box 3 3


DETERMINING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

ET measurement ET

使 ET

BOX 3

Chapters concerning the calculation of crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions (ETc adj)

PART C -----

Chapter 8 - ETc under soil water stress conditions:

This chapter discusses the reduction in transpiration induced by soil moisture stress or soil water

salinity. The resulting evapotranspiration will deviate from the crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions. The evapotranspiration is computed by using a water stress coefficient, Ks, describing the effect of water stress on crop transpiration.

Chapter 9 - ETc for natural, non-typical and non-pristine vegetation:

Procedures that can be used to make adjustments to the Kc to account for less than perfect growing conditions or stand characteristics are discussed. The procedures can also be used to determine Kc for agricultural crops not listed in the tables of Part B.

Chapter 10 - ETc under various management practices:

This chapter discusses various types of management practices that may cause the values for Kc and ETc to deviate from the standard conditions described in Part B. Adjustment procedures for Kc to account for surface mulches, intercropping, small areas of vegetation and management induced stress are presented.

Chapter 11 - ETc during non-growing periods:

This chapter describes procedures for predicting ETc during non-growing periods under various types of surface conditions.


ETc adj

C -----

8 - ETc

使 Ks Ks


9 - ETc

Kc B Kc


10 - ETc

Kc ETc B Kc .


11 - ETc

ETc


5

Energy balance and microclimatological methods


Rn - G - lET - H = 0 (1)

Rn H G lET Rn GlET H 5


1 广RnlETH G


lET (Rn) (G) (H) H


使


Soil water balance

6 (I) (P) I P (RO) DPCRSFinSFoutSFin SFout (ET) (DSW)

ET = I + P - RO - DP + CR ± DSF ± DSW (2)

ET

6


Lysimeters


ETc Kc



ET computed from meteorological data ET

ET


1990 5 Penman-Monteith ETo ET ETc ETo (Kc) ET (Ks) /


ET estimated from pan evaporation ET


湿 ETo 3


Part A

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo)

A ET

0.12 m 70 s m-1 0.23 绿广70 s m-1


ET 1990 5 FAO Penman-Monteith Penman-Monteith 湿 3 ET 使 Penman-Monteith ET使


ET ET使 ET



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